Hilary Hurd Anyaso* says a new study shows gender stereotypes have changed over the past seven decades, but not all the news is good for women.
Photo: Sturti
Good news for women: they are no longer regarded as less competent than men on average, according to a nationally representative study of gender stereotypes in the United States.
Less positive, however, is that women’s gains in perceived competence have not propelled them to the top of hierarchies.
A new Northwestern University analysis investigated how gender stereotypes in the US have evolved over seven decades (1946–2018), a span of time that brought considerable change in gender relations due in large part to women’s increased participation in the labour force and education.
Women now earn more bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees than men, unlike decades ago.
The study, published in the journal American Psychologist, analysed 16 nationally representative opinion polls conducted in the US with more than 30,000 adult respondents.
These polls asked respondents to compare women’s and men’s competence (e.g., intelligent, organised, creative), communion (e.g., affectionate, compassionate, emotional), and agency (e.g., ambitious, aggressive, decisive).
Most adults now report that women and men are equal in general competence.
But among those who see a difference, most see women as more competent than men.
For instance, in the most recent poll, conducted in April 2018, most respondents (86 per cent) said that men and women are equally intelligent.
However, 9 per cent said that women are more intelligent, compared to a smaller percentage (5 per cent) who said that men are more intelligent.
Institute for Policy Research (IPR) psychologist Alice Eagly, lead author of the study and Professor of Psychology in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences at Northwestern, also said the study’s findings about communion and agency are surprising.
“The perceptions of women as communal and men as agentic have not eroded since the 1940s, contrary to conventional wisdom about convergence in gender roles,” Eagly said.
“Rather, communal stereotypes have changed but increasingly towards portraying women as more compassionate, affectionate and sensitive than men.”
“Men are still viewed as more ambitious, aggressive and decisive than women, and that agency stereotype has not substantially changed since the 1940s.”
The researchers note that different groups of respondents — men, women, racial subgroups — generally agree about these stereotypes.
For instance, respondents in recent samples ascribed competence more often to women than men, regardless of the respondent’s sex, race, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment status or birth cohort.
Interpretation of these findings, said Eagly, is that women’s increasing labour force participation and education likely underlie the increase in their perceived competence, but that occupational segregation underlies the other findings.
“Specifically, women are concentrated in occupations that reward social skills or offer contribution to society,” she said.
“People observe the social roles of women and men and infer the traits that make up gender stereotypes.”
“In general, stereotypes reflect the social position of groups in society and, therefore, change only when this social position shifts.”
“That’s why gender stereotypes have changed.”
“The current stereotypes should favour women’s employment, because competence is, of course, a job requirement for virtually all positions,” Eagly said.
“Also, jobs increasingly reward social skills, making women’s greater communion an additional advantage.”
But the findings are not all positive for women, she adds.
“Most leadership roles require more agency than communion and the lesser ambition, aggressiveness and decisiveness ascribed to women than men are a disadvantage in relation to leadership.”
The researchers’ findings about change over time are novel, Eagly said.
“There are many studies on gender stereotypes, but no others have investigated change in these stereotypes over many decades using representative samples.”
* Hilary Hurd Anyaso is Law and Social Sciences Editor for Northwestern Now.
This article first appeared at news.northwestern.edu.
